In every way, it's intermediate," said study first author Melinda Danowitz, a medical student at the NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine. "It's completely between the two living species." It is strange that Pincher is able to critique Darwin’s view so clearly and yet doesn’t recognize that he is proposing the same type of inadequate explanation. The giraffe ancestor could just as well have developed greater bulk or more running muscles, both of which would have aided in avoiding predators. The fact is that despite its size and long stride, the giraffe is still preyed upon by lions. And as one study of one hundred giraffes killed by lions in South Africa showed, almost twice as many bulls were killed as cows (Pienaar 1969; cited in Simmons and Scheepers 1996). The longer stride of bulls evidently doesn’t help them avoid lions better than the shorter legged females. Who knows whether their long stride may in some way make them more vulnerable? Another speculative idea into the wastebasket. a b Lee, Derek E.; Cavener, Douglas R.; Bond, Monica L. (2 October 2018). "Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis)". PeerJ. 6: e5690. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5690. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6173159. PMID 30310743. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Dagg, A. I. (2014). Giraffe: Biology, Behaviour and Conservation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107610170.

a b Kasozi, H.; Montgomery, R. A. (2018). "How do giraffes locate one another? A review of visual, auditory, and olfactory communication among giraffes". Journal of Zoology. 306 (3): 139–146. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12604. van der Jeugd, H. P.; Prins, H. H. T. (2000). "Movements and group structure of giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 251 (1): 15–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00588.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Another related question is why only the giraffes developed this feature when many other animals in the zone are also herbivores? The theories and hypotheses have arisen to explain this subject, but none has the general acceptance of the scientific community.a b c d e f g h Swaby, S. (2010). "Giraffe". In Harris, T. (ed.). Mammal Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide. Marshall Cavendish. pp.64–84. ISBN 978-0-7614-7882-9. Rafferty, John. P (2011). Grazers (Britannica Guide to Predators and Prey). Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-61530-336-6. a b c Langman, V. A. (1977). "Cow-calf relationships in giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa)". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 43 (3): 264–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb00074.x. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020 . Retrieved 12 January 2020. Hassanin, Alexandre; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2003). “Molecular and Morphological Phylogenies of Ruminantia and the Alternative Position of the Moschidae”. Systematic Biology.

a b c d e f g Prothero, D. R.; Schoch, R. M. (2003). Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.67–72. ISBN 978-0-8018-7135-1. Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973). "զուրափէ"[in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition]. www.nayiri.com. Yerevan: University Press. p.110a. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022 . Retrieved 28 December 2022. Swaison 1835. Camelopardalis antiquorum. Bagger el Homer, Kordofan, about 10° N, 28° E (as fixed by Harper, 1940) Charles Foley; Lara Foley; Alex Lobora; Daniela De Luca; Maurus Msuha; Tim R. B. Davenport; Sarah M. Durant (2014). A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania. Princeton University Press. pp.179–. ISBN 978-1-4008-5280-2. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2016. Pérez, W.; Lima, M.; Clauss, M. (2009). "Gross anatomy of the intestine in the giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis)" (PDF). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 38 (6): 432–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00965.x. PMID 19681830. S2CID 28390695. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018.

CONSERVATION

a b Bond, Monica L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, Arpat; König, Barbara (27 August 2019). "Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors". Oecologia. 191 (2): 335–347. Bibcode: 2019Oecol.191..335B. doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 31451928. S2CID 201732871. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023 . Retrieved 22 August 2023. Hello up there! Why do so many people look up to giraffes—besides the obvious reason? The long and short of it is that they are a wonderful example of nature’s creativity.

Wood, C. (7 March 2014). "Groovy giraffes…distinct bone structures keep these animals upright". Society for Experimental Biology. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018 . Retrieved 7 May 2014. The researchers uncovered the newly-described D. xiezhi fossils in the Junggar Basin, a large sediment-filled depression in the Xinjiang region of northwestern China. One specimen included a complete braincase — the part of the skull that houses the brain— and the first four vertebrae of the animal's spine. Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S.; Skinner, J. D. (2010). "The demography of giraffe deaths in a drought". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 65 (3): 165–68. doi: 10.1080/0035919X.2010.509153. hdl: 2263/18957. S2CID 83652889. a b c d e VanderWaal, K. L.; Wang, H.; McCowan, B.; Fushing, H.; Isbell, L. A. (2014). "Multilevel social organization and space use in reticulated giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis)". Behavioral Ecology. 25 (1): 17–26. doi: 10.1093/beheco/art061.

a b c Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D. (2004). "Giraffe thermoregulation: a review". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 59 (2): 49–57. doi: 10.1080/00359190409519170. ISSN 0035-919X. S2CID 87321176. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018 . Retrieved 19 October 2011. New bird species and giraffe under threat – IUCN Red List". 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2016. A little over 60 years later, Charles Darwin commented on giraffe evolution in the sixth edition (1872) of his seminal book, Origin of Species: Exhibits". Al Ain Zoo. 25 February 2003. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2011. a b Lee, D. E.; Strauss, M. K. L (1 January 2016). Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09721-9. ISBN 9780124095489.