In Japan, there were also local gazetteers in pre-modern times, called fudoki. [71] Japanese gazetteers preserved historical and legendary accounts of various regions. For example, the Nara-period (710–794) provincial gazetteer Harima no kuni fūdoki of Harima Province provides a story of an alleged visit by Emperor Ōjin in the 3rd century while on an imperial hunting expedition. [72] Local Japanese gazetteers could also be found in later periods such as the Edo period. [73] Gazetteers were often composed by the request of wealthy patrons; for example, six scholars in the service of the daimyō of the Ikeda household published the Biyō kokushi gazetteer for several counties in 1737. [74] World gazetteers were written by the Japanese in the 19th century, such as the Kon'yo zushiki ("Annotated Maps of the World") published by Mitsukuri Shōgo in 1845, the Hakkō tsūshi ("Comprehensive Gazetteer of the Entire World") by Mitsukuri Genpo in 1856, and the Bankoku zushi ("Illustrated Gazetteer of the Nations of the World"), which was written by an Englishman named Colton, translated by Sawa Ginjirō, and printed by Tezuka Ritsu in 1862. [57] Despite the ambitious title, the work by Genpo only covered Yōroppa bu ("Section on Europe") while the planned section for Asia was not published. [57] In 1979 the 50 volume gazeteer Nihon rekishi chimei taikei ("Japanese Historical Place Names") series was launched [75] and it is currently also available online with "200,000 headings with detailed explanations of [each] place name". [76] South Asia [ edit ]

A traditional benchmark of the British Ordnance Survey, consisting of a chiseled arrow indicating a horizontal line (top), and a modern bronze disc benchmark of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (bottom) berg 1.A mountain or hill; a cliff face or precipice. 2.Another name for a bergschrund, iceberg, or inselberg. bergschrund Also acme, apex, peak, and zenith. A point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. Mathematically, it is a local maximum in elevation. The highest point of a hill or mountain is often referred to as the summit. surf zone Asquith, Ivon (2009). "Advertising and the Press in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries: James Perry and the Morning Chronicle 1790–1821". The Historical Journal. 18 (4): 703–724. doi: 10.1017/S0018246X00008864. JSTOR 2638512. S2CID 140975585. a b c d Mayhew, Susan (1997). A Dictionary of Geography (2nded.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280034-5.

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a b c d e f g h i j National Soil Survey Center (2018-02-01). "Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms". Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook. Washington, DC: Natural Resources Conservation Service. OCLC 851204093, 681768549 . Retrieved 2018-10-07. Also called an affluent. A stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem or a lake, rather than directly into a sea or ocean. Contrast distributary. trilateration tropic Either of the two parallels of latitude marking the boundary of the tropics: the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. [3] Tropic of Cancer The northernmost circle of latitude on the Earth at which the Sun appears directly overhead at its culmination, which lies approximately 23.4 degrees north of the Equator. Its southern equivalent is the Tropic of Capricorn. Tropic of Capricorn The southernmost circle of latitude on the Earth at which the Sun appears directly overhead at its culmination, which lies approximately 23.4 degrees south of the Equator. Its northern equivalent is the Tropic of Cancer. tropical Characteristic of, located in, or relating to the tropics, either the specific parallels of latitude or the zone lying between those two parallels. [3] tropics Yasuko Makino, "Heibonsha" (entry), The Oxford Companion to the Book, oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 28 June 2022. Also endoreic basin, closed basin, or terminal basin. A closed drainage basin that allows little or no outflow to external bodies of water but converges instead into internal lakes or swamps which equilibrate through evaporation. englacial Embedded within a glacier. Contrast subglacial and superglacial. entrepôt Since the 18th century, the word "gazetteer" has been used interchangeably to define either its traditional meaning (i.e.,a geographical dictionary or directory) or a daily newspaper, such as the London Gazetteer. [7] [8] Types and organization [ edit ]

Also potentiometric surface. pingo A periglacial landform consisting of a relatively large conical mound of soil-covered ice, commonly 30–50 metres (100–160ft) high and up to 1,000 metres (0.6mi) in diameter, and that grows and persists in part as a result of hydrostatic pressure within and below the permafrost of Arctic and subarctic regions. [10] pinnacle Bol, Peter K. (2001). "The Rise of Local History: History, Geography, and Culture in Southern Song and Yuan Wuzhou". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 61 (1): 37–76. doi: 10.2307/3558587. JSTOR 3558587. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP) (2008-06-26). "Glossary: An Outline of American Geography". america.gov. Washington, DC: United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Also sandspit. A type of bar or shoal extending from a beach into an ocean or lake and which develops by the deposition of sediment as a result of longshore drift. Spits form where the direction of the shoreline sharply changes direction, such as at a headland, and often develop a "hooked" or recurve shape at their distal ends. spot elevation

In his journal article "Alexander and the Ganges" (1923), the 20th-century historian W.W. Tarn calls a list and description of satrapies of Alexander's Empire written between 324 and 323 BC as an ancient gazetteer. [9] Tarn notes that the document is dated no later than June 323 BC, since it features Babylon as not yet partitioned by Alexander's generals. [10] It was revised by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC. [10] In the 1st century BC, Dionysius of Halicarnassus mentioned the chronicle-type format of the writing of the logographers in the age before the founder of the Greek historiographic tradition, Herodotus (i.e.,before the 480s BC), saying "they did not write connected accounts but instead broke them up according to peoples and cities, treating each separately". [11] Historian Truesdell S. Brown asserts that what Dionysius describes in this quote about the logographers should be categorized not as a true "history" but rather as a gazetteer. [11] While discussing the Greek conception of the river delta in ancient Greek literature, Francis Celoria notes that both Ptolemy and Pausanias of the 2nd century AD provided gazetteer information on geographical terms. [12] Variously comb, coomb, coombe, and cumb. A steep, narrow valley or a large hollow on the side of a hill or coastline, especially one enclosed on all but one side. The term is used primarily in southern England, where it often implies a dry ravine in a limestone or chalk escarpment. See also cwm. commonwealth compass An instrument used for navigation and orientation that indicates direction relative to the geographic cardinal directions by measuring the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field with respect to the North Magnetic Pole. Compasses often display markings for angles or degrees, which allow them to show azimuths and bearings, in addition to a compass rose. compass rose Thogersen, Stig; Clausen, Soren (1992). "New Reflections in the Mirror: Local Chinese Gazetteers (Difangzhi) in the 1980s". The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs. 27 (27): 161–184. doi: 10.2307/2950031. JSTOR 2950031. S2CID 130833332. Also foothills. Any geographic region lying or formed at the base of mountains. The term is used primarily in the southeastern United States to refer to a broad region extending from the Blue Ridge Mountains to the Atlantic coastal plain. [4] piezometric surface

Also snowmelt. Water (usually freshwater) derived from the melting of snow or ice, including seasonal snowfall, glacial ice, icebergs, and ice shelves over the ocean. [4] mental map Mercator projection Also polar ice sheet. Either of the two very large regions near the Earth's geographical poles that are seasonally or persistently covered in ice, which occurs because high-latitude regions receive less direct solar radiation than other regions and therefore experience much lower surface temperatures. The Earth's polar ice may cover both land and sea, and varies in size seasonally and with long-term climate change. They typically cover a much larger area than true ice caps and are more correctly termed ice sheets. polar region Either of the two high-latitude regions surrounding the Earth's geographical poles (the North and South Poles), which are characterized by frigid climates and extensive polar ice caps. The polar region of the Northern Hemisphere is often simply called the Arctic and that of the Southern Hemisphere is called the Antarctic. polder

Also land-tied island. An island that is connected to a mainland only by a narrow spit or tombolo which may or may not be occasionally submerged. till See glacial till. timberline See tree line. time distance A measure of how far apart places are in terms of the amount of time it takes to travel between them (how long does it take to travel from place A to place B?). This may be contrasted with other distance metrics such as geographic distance (how far is it?) and cost-distance (how much will it cost to get there?). [4] time geography a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q OERI, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement (October 1996), "Archived: Helping Your Child Learn Geography: Glossary", Helping Your Child Learn Geography, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, archived from the original on May 25, 2013 , retrieved April 16, 2013 {{ citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: autho the name of a nome capital, its sacred barque, its sacred tree, its cemetery, the date of its festival, the names of forbidden objects, the local god, land, and lake of the city. This interesting codification of data, probably made by a priest, is paralleled by very similar editions of data on the temple walls at Edfu, for example. [13] Medieval and early modern eras [ edit ] Also geodetic north. The direction along the Earth's surface towards the Geographic North Pole. Geodetic true north differs from magnetic north and grid north, and also very slightly from astronomical true north, which is based on the direction of the north celestial pole. true south

Also dike, embankment, floodbank, and stopbank. An elongated naturally occurring ridge or an artificially constructed wall or barrier which regulates water levels in areas prone to flooding. It is usually earthen and often parallel to the course of a river or a coastline. lithosphere The Earth's hard, outermost shell. It comprises the crust and the upper part of the mantle. It is divided into a mosaic of 16 major slabs or plates, which are known as lithospheric plates or tectonic plates. [3] lithospheric plates

Origin of geography

Also mud flat and tidal flat. A type of coastal wetland consisting of exposed layers of bay mud formed by the deposition of silts, clays, and marine animal detritus by tides or rivers. Mudflats usually form within the intertidal zone of relatively sheltered areas such as bays and lagoons. mudflow