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The three main kinds of lightning are distinguished by where they occur: either inside a single thundercloud (intra-cloud), between two clouds (cloud-to-cloud), or between a cloud and the ground (cloud-to-ground), in which case it is referred to as a lightning strike. [4] [5] Many other observational variants are recognized, including " heat lightning", which can be seen from a great distance but not heard; dry lightning, which can cause forest fires; and ball lightning, which is rarely observed scientifically. In this model, heavier graupel, carrying a negative charge, move towards the bottom of the cloud while lighter, positively charged particles are carried upwards. The model dates to 1954, when it was proposed by German physicist Dieter Müller-Hillebrand in a basic form, later developed by John Latham and John Mason of Manchester University, where the mechanism has been studied in cloud chambers for 40 years. RELATED: 6 Symptoms Of A Bad Accelerator Pedal Sensor (& Replacement Cost) 3. Bad Throttle Position Sensor Dashboard lights always bring some level of concern with them. The lightning bolt symbol is one that creates confusion and alarm, but what does it mean? If you aren’t familiar with these warnings, you may be at a loss for what to do next. Once a conductive channel bridges the air gap between the negative charge excess in the cloud and the positive surface charge excess below, there is a large drop in resistance across the lightning channel. Electrons accelerate rapidly as a result in a zone beginning at the point of attachment, which expands across the entire leader network at up to one third of the speed of light. [61] This is the "return stroke" and it is the most luminous and noticeable part of the lightning discharge.
Anvil crawler lightning, sometimes called spider lightning, is created when leaders propagate through horizontally-extensive charge regions in mature thunderstorms, usually the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems. These discharges usually begin as IC discharges originating within the convective region; the negative leader end then propagates well into the aforementioned charge regions in the stratiform area. If the leader becomes too long, it may separate into multiple bidirectional leaders. When this happens, the positive end of the separated leader may strike the ground as a positive CG flash or crawl on the underside of the cloud, creating a spectacular display of lightning crawling across the sky. Ground flashes produced in this manner tend to transfer high amounts of charge, and this can trigger upward lightning flashes and upper-atmospheric lightning. [67] Electrification (Figure 1) The main charging area in a thunderstorm occurs in the central part of the storm where the air is moving upward rapidly (updraft) and temperatures range from −15 to −25°C (5 to −13°F). Some political parties use lightning flashes as a symbol of power, such as the People's Action Party in Singapore, the British Union of Fascists during the 1930s, and the National States' Rights Party in the United States during the 1950s. [186] The Schutzstaffel, the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party, used the Sig rune in their logo which symbolizes lightning. The German word Blitzkrieg, which means "lightning war", was a major offensive strategy of the German army during World War II.Return stroke" redirects here. For other uses, see Return stroke (disambiguation). High-speed photography showing different parts of a lightning flash during the discharge process as seen in Toulouse, France. Lightning has been observed within the atmospheres of other planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn, and probably Uranus and Neptune. [127] Lightning on Jupiter is far more energetic than on Earth, despite seeming to be generated via the same mechanism. Recently, a new type of lightning was detected on Jupiter, thought to originate from "mushballs" including ammonia. [128]
Dash, J G; Wettlaufer, J S (January 1, 2003). "The surface physics of ice in thunderstorms". Canadian Journal of Physics. 81 (1–2): 201–207. Bibcode: 2003CaJPh..81..201D. doi: 10.1139/P03-011. Bead Lightning is the name given to the decaying stage of a lightning channel, which cools after a return stroke, and its luminosity breaks up into segments. It describes a stage of a normal lightning discharge rather than a type of lightning. Each re-strike is separated by a relatively large amount of time, typically 40 to 50 milliseconds, as other charged regions in the cloud are discharged in subsequent strokes. Re-strikes often cause a noticeable " strobe light" effect. [66] A large electric charge flows along the plasma channel, from the cloud to the ground, neutralising the positive ground charge as electrons flow away from the strike point to the surrounding area. This huge surge of current creates large radial voltage differences along the surface of the ground. Called step potentials, [ citation needed] they are responsible for more injuries and deaths in groups of people or of other animals than the strike itself. [62] Electricity takes every path available to it. [63]The loss of lower charge regions in the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm, leaving the primary positive charge region. Small, short duration sparks, recently documented near newly extruded magma, attest to the material being highly charged prior to even entering the atmosphere. [124] Cloud-to-cloud (CC) or inter-cloud lightning starts and ends between two different "functional" thundercloud units. Ribbon Lightning occurs in thunderstorms with high cross winds and many return strokes. The wind blows each successive return stroke sideways into the previous return stroke, causing a ribbon effect (Camera movement during the capture of a lightning photograph can also result in the same effect).
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