Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, Moeschberger ML, Jones LA, Zadnik K. Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children’s refractive error. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(12):3633–3640. Orlich MJ, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets in the Adventist Health Study 2: a review of initial published findings. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100:353S–358S.

Harvard T. H. Chan (2018): Fats and Cholesterol, Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/ [11.06.2018] People who prefer to experiment in their own kitchen instead of buying animal-free ready meals are finding an increasing selection of great recipes in cookbooks and on blogs. Whether it’s gourmet food lovers, fast-food fans, or chefs who like to experiment – the colourful variety of plant-based cuisine has something for everyone. And while people are often afraid of giving up their favourite dishes, many traditional meals can be easily veganised with a few tweaks. As countless vegan cookbooks attest, a vegan diet promises pure enjoyment and satisfaction for the taste buds. Plant-based alternatives are growing in popularityThe vegetarian diet is characterized both by avoidance of meat and a portfolio of natural substances of potential benefit in preventing type 2 diabetes. Although avoidance of red meat is common to all forms of vegetarianism, diets differ in regard to the inclusion of dairy products and eggs (lacto ovo vegetarian), fish (pesco vegetarian) or avoidance of all animal products entirely (vegan). A recent study done in Seventh day Adventists (Adventists), a religious group that promotes vegetarianism and eschews certain meats and shellfish, found that all types of vegetarianism were associated with lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes, including pesco vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets though vegan and lacto ovo diets seemed to give the greatest protection [ 14]. Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide. [13] WHO (2001): Iron Deficiency Anaemia, S. 15. Verfügbar unter: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/en/ida_assessment_prevention_control.pdf [11.06.2018] [14] Heinrich, P. C. et al. (2014): Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie. Springer, p. 659, 736–780 [15] UCFS Health: Hemoglobin and Functions of Iron. Verfügbar unter https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/hemoglobin_and_functions_of_iron/ [11.06.2018] Iron deficiencies can usually be counteracted by maintaining a healthy and varied diet, and by regularly eating iron-rich foods such as sesame, red lentils, kidney beans, or tempeh. Iodine Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Key TJ. Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Br Med J. 2011;343:d4131. With every diet – whether vegetarian, vegan, or non-veggie – good planning is essential to avoid nutritional deficiencies. Optimal nutrition is ensured by eating a balanced and varied vegan diet while paying attention to critical nutrients. Nutritionists also recommend having a blood test done every year or two. Vitamin B 12

Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2012;32(1):3–16. Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Diet and body mass index in 38,000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Int J Obes. 2003;27:728–34.

Melina V, Craig W, Levin S. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: vegetarian diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116:1970–80. As described previously [ 14], the food frequency portion of the questionnaire covered 130 hard coded foods or food groups that are commonly consumed and space for about 50 write-ins and assessed the past year. Previous validation of the questionnaire pertained to nutrients including vitamin, antioxidant and fatty acid intakes [ 20, 21]. Vegetarian status was categorized by defining vegans as participants that reported consuming no animal products (red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products <1 time/ month), lacto ovo vegetarians consumed dairy products and/or eggs ≥1 time/month but no fish or meat (red meat, poultry and fish <1 time/month); pesco vegetarians consumed fish ≥1 time/month and dairy products and/or eggs but no red meat or poultry (red meat and poultry <1 time/month); semi-vegetarians consumed dairy products and/or eggs and (red meat and poultry ≥1 time/month and <1 time/week); while non-vegetarians consumed animal products (red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products >1 time/week). Alcohol was defined as consumption of any amount or none during the past 12 months. Dinu, M., R. Abbate, G. F. Gensini, et al. (2017): Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 57, p.3640–3649 Pettersen BJ, Anousheh R, Fan J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among White subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:1909–16.