a b c d Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation, archived from the original on 5 July 2019 , retrieved 7 August 2018

UK Population Estimates 1851 to 2014 – Office for National Statistics". Ons.gov.uk . Retrieved 8 March 2022.Each of the tests and the underlying elements are defined to some extent in UK tax legislation, and HMRC have produced extensive guidance. Infant mortality has been on the decline since the Second Industrial Revolution, although the majority of the decline came around from the start to the end of the 20th century. [59] [60] [61] [62] In raw terms for example, infant mortality in England sat around 151 deaths to 1000 live births in 1901 but by the end of the century it had plummeted down to only 6 deaths per 1000 births. [60] a b c "Life expectancy rises 'grinding to halt' in England". BBC News. 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2022. Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain, Germanic tribes from continental Europe such as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes began a period of significant migration to the southeastern part of the island, notably bringing their language, Old English. [12] Nevertheless, the overall population is believed to have fallen precipitously due to political upheavals and plagues. [13] [14] By the time of the compilation of the Domesday Book in the eleventh century, there may have between 1.25 and 2 million people living in England. [15] Though the Domesday Book did not count the English population, it has been regarded as one of the first attempts to produce a census of the country. [16]

Numerous predictions and projections of the future ethnic demography of the United Kingdom have been made over the years. Somerville, Will (26 September 2007). Immigration Under New Labour. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-86134-967-5. a b c d e f Galor, Oded (1 January 2012). "The demographic transition: causes and consequences". Cliometrica. 6 (1): 1–28. doi: 10.1007/s11698-011-0062-7. ISSN 1863-2513. PMC 4116081. PMID 25089157. Coleman, D. A.; Dubuc, S. (1 March 2010). "The fertility of ethnic minorities in the UK, 1960s–2006". Population Studies. 64 (1): 19–41. doi: 10.1080/00324720903391201. ISSN 0032-4728. PMID 20087815. S2CID 11039594.

An individual will be resident in the United Kingdom for a tax year if they meet any of the ‘automatic residence tests’. Through the 1970s, 80s and early 90s, net migration to the United Kingdom was often negative in terms of numbers, with more people leaving the country, than entering in total. Family size within the UK has shifted towards two or one children in recent decades, rather than in the past when larger family sizes were more prominent and sought after. [46] This pattern is similar to other European countries, where couples are having fewer children. [46] Increasingly, there are also more couples who are completely childless; this has been increasing since the 1950s. [46] [51] Development of family size distribution (percentages) [37] [46] No. of children

a b Panayi, Panikos (11 September 2014). An Immigration History of Britain: Multicultural Racism since 1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86423-3. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a state in northwest Europe, with an area of 242 900 kilometers and the total territory of the country is divided between the British Isles -the two large islands British Archipelagos- and numerous small islands near the British coast. The United Kingdom as a state entity often known by the acceptable name Britain and the non-acceptable by the Scottish, the Welsh and the people of Northern Ireland, England. The nationalities include four regions: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

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The main language of the country is British English. Some Celtic languages, namely Scottish Gaelic and Irish, are still spoken by minorities in Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively, and Cornish has been revived to a limited degree in Cornwall; but the predominant language in all these areas is English. Welsh is widely spoken as a first language in parts of North and West Wales, and to lesser extent in South East Wales, where English is the dominant first language. [ citation needed] History [ edit ] Before the census, 200–1800 [ edit ] Table KS07c: Religion (full list with 10 or more persons)". nisra.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2012. QS303EW (Long-term health problem or disability) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 8 May 2023.