Abd-El-Maeboud, KHI; Ibrahim, MI; Shalaby, DAA; Fikry, MF (2009). "Gum chewing stimulates early return of bowel motility after caesarean section". BJOG. 116 (10): 1334–39. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02225.x. PMID 19523094. Chewing or biting as a stress-coping behavior attenuates stress-induced diseases such as gastric ulcers and cognitive and psychologic impairments in rodents via suppression of stress-induced activation of the HPA axis and autonomic nervous reactions. The histaminergic nervous system may also be involved in the chewing-induced attenuation of stress-induced cognitive deficits. In humans, although the correlation between sleep bruxism and stress factors is controversial, many studies support an association between stress and sleep bruxism. Effects of chewing during stress are also conflicting. Gum chewing during stress may affect the levels of various stress markers in the saliva and plasma and increase attention, self-rated alertness, and vigilance. Those who can’t tolerate FODMAPs should choose a gum sweetened with a low calorie sweetener such as stevia. Although this condition is rare, some studies have found a link between excessive chewing and TMD ( 46, 47). Chewing gum has been linked to headaches

a b Purkayastha, Sanjay; Tilney, H. S.; Darzi, A. W.; Tekkis, P. P. (2008). "Meta-analysis of Randomized Studies Evaluating Chewing Gum to Enhance Postoperative Recovery Following Colectomy". Archives of Surgery. 143 (8): 788–93. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.143.8.788. PMID 18711040.The results of another small study suggest that chewing gum while walking could help burn more calories ( 33).

Chewing gum can come in a variety of formats ranging from 1.4 to 6.9 grams per piece, and products can be differentiated by the consumers' intent to form bubbles or the sugar/sugarless dichotomy. Schirrmeister, J.F.; Seger, R.K.; Altenburger, M.J.; Lussi, A.; Hellwig, E. (2007). "Effects of Various Forms of Calcium Added to Chewing Gum on Initial Enamel Carious Lesions in situ". Caries Research. 41 (2): 108–14. doi: 10.1159/000098043. PMID 17284911. S2CID 22686522. Sweeteners. Cane sugar, beet sugar, and corn syrup are popular sweeteners. Sugar-free gums use sugar alcohols such as xylitol or artificial sweeteners such as aspartame. Usually, you chew to break food into smaller pieces that you can swallow. With gum chewing, though, you’re chewing just to … chew. Dentists consider gum chewing to be parafunctional, or outside of normal function.The main exception to this rule is for people with IBS. Sugar-free gum contains FODMAPs, which can cause digestive problems in people with IBS. The ingredients in chewing gum have been established as safe for humans to consume. In fact, the act of chewing may have surprising benefits for mental and physical health!