Two other studies, [23] [24] reported in 1990 and 2009 respectively, confirmed the upward trend and determined the premium that cul-de-sac streets command. The first found a 29% premium over the streets in a grid. The second, focused on trails and greenbelts, found that other amenities including cul-de-sac streets add significantly to the home value. In New Zealand, dead-end streets are sometimes signposted as "No Exit", but are often not signposted at all. The terms 'cul-de-sac' and 'dead end' have the same senses as in Australia. Similarly to Australia, residential cul-de-sacs with bulbous ends are often suffixed with "Place", abbreviated to "Pl" on street signs.

CUL-DE-SAC definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary CUL-DE-SAC definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary

a b Ben-Joseph, Eran (1995). "Livability and Safety of Suburban Street Patterns: A Comparative Study". University of California, Working Paper. 641. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Urban and Regional Development. {{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help) Increases in pedestrian and bicycle permeability may result in a displacement of local car trips for short-distance destinations [22] and consequently a reduction in neighbourhood vehicle emissions. The impermeable cul-de-sac not only discourages walking and biking but also increases the length of car trips by the circuitous geometry of the dendrite network structure of which it is a part. Research studies examined the influence of several variables on the amount of car travel that residents of several types of districts recorded. Results vary considerably among them, but there is general agreement on a number of key correlations: [31] [32] a) the wealthier and the larger the family is, the more cars they own, and the more they drive, b) the farther away a family lives from the city centre, and the fewer the jobs in the vicinity, plus a slow bus service, the more they drive, and c) street patterns may add a 10% length to local trips, but the total VKTs are affected more by the "macro" urban than the "micro" neighbourhood structure. A story about a North of Ireland teenager putting on make-up to go to a bar unleashes a narrative of other concealments and disguises. At the outset you think it might be a wry, funny story – a character is not allowed enter a chemist’s shop because “Mr Crawford, the owner, is in the DUP” – like something written by a Lower Falls Lorrie Moore. But it shimmers into a mosaic of astonishing violence and memory. Louise Kennedy’s stories are changelings. Cul-de-sac and loop streets can reduce the size of any given neighbourhood to a single street. Neighbourhoods can be defined by geographic boundaries but more often it is shared ethnic, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics that produce social cohesion irrespective of apparent physical "boundaries". Mehaffy et al. (2010), who propose a model for structuring an urban network, suggest that neighbourhoods cannot be designed into being. [37] "Community" is viewed as a dynamic social and cultural construct, especially in contemporary, open, multicultural cities. Residential area street configuration can assist its emergence only by reducing through-traffic and increasing local pedestrian movement–a design goal for which connected cul-de-sac and looped streets are suited. Good news: This collection is just the right length: 15 stories...reading time about 5 hours. I've learned a valuable lesson this year...NO more short story collection with 40 stories. It is just not doable...my eyes start to glaze over. When it comes to stories...less is more.Aristotle (1962) [335-323 BC]. The Politics. Translated by Sinclair, T. A. New York: Penguin. Book VII, sec. xi. 422. A] dark, funny, brilliantly downbeat Irish debut. Bitterness, beauty and a caustic wit colour Kennedy's stories, as the past makes itself unforgettably present in the lives of her vividly drawn characters Asabere, Paul K. (1990). "The value of a neighborhood street with reference to the cul-de-sac". Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics. 3 (2): 185–193. doi: 10.1007/BF00216591. S2CID 154313261.

Louise Kennedy (Author of Trespasses) - Goodreads Louise Kennedy (Author of Trespasses) - Goodreads

a b Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: cul-de-sac". www.ahdictionary.com. The Ancients in All Towns were for having some intricate Ways and turn again Streets [i.e., dead ends or loops], without any Passage through them, that if an Enemy comes into them, he may be at a Loss, and be in Confusion and Suspense; or if he pushes on daringly, may be easily destroyed. This collection of short stories is the debut of Louise Kennedy. Each story follows an Irish woman in varying circumstances, giving us a glimpse into their lives, their relationships and the difficulties they face.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Travel: Tool for Evaluating Neighbourhood Sustainability.Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 2000